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DATA PROTECTION, DATA GOVERNANCE, AND AI GOVERNANCE: THREE DISTINCT COMPLEMENTARY LOGICS

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  INTRODUCTION Data. Digital governance. Artificial intelligence. These terms appear together so frequently in policy documents, legislative debates, and governance discussions that they can begin to feel interchangeable, as though they describe a single challenge requiring a single response. They do not. Beneath what is often called digital governance lie three distinct but complementary disciplines: data protection governance , strategic data governance , and AI governance . Each has its own logic, instruments, primary purpose, and beneficiary. Understanding the difference between them is not an academic exercise. It is the practical precondition for designing governance systems that actually work. The three are related, but not interchangeable. Each touches data in some form, and each forms part of the broader challenge of governing the digital economy. But they ask different questions and require different institutional responses. A framework designed to answer one will...
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GOVERNING DATA FOR INCLUSION: APPLYING THE UNESCO 4PS FRAMEWORK TO MICRO-PENSIONS

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  INTRODUCTION Ghana’s efforts to expand pension coverage have increasingly turned toward the informal sector , where the majority of the workforce remains outside formal retirement protection systems . Despite ongoing digital transformation across the financial sector , participation continues to lag behind expectations . The challenge is not simply one of access. It is also about designing systems that reflect the economic realities of informal sector workers , characterised by irregular incomes , limited financial buffers , and minimal engagement with structured savings mechanisms . At the same time, the rapid growth of digital financial services has introduced new possibilities . Mobile money platforms, digital identity systems, and platform-based economic activity are generating expanding streams of data . These can be harnessed to better understand user behaviour , tailor pension products, and improve system responsiveness . This data-driven environment offers a pathway ...
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CLOSING THE PENSION GAP: CAN AI DRIVE INFORMAL SECTOR INCLUSION

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  INTRODUCTION Ghana’s digital transformation agenda has, over the past decade, moved from ambition to measurable progress . Foundational systems—ranging from the Ghana Card and mobile money interoperability to digitised public services and online tax administration —have reshaped how citizens interact with the state. Beyond improving administrative efficiency , these developments have established critical building blocks for broader financial inclusion , particularly among underserved segments of the economy. According to the World Bank’s Global Findex data, over 80% of adults in Ghana now have access to financial accounts and regularly use digital payment platforms , reflecting the scale of this transformation . Yet a fundamental challenge remains—the persistent pension coverage gap within Ghana’s informal sector . According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 78–80% of Ghana’s workforce is employed in the informal sector, while pension cove...
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